![]() ![]() Calcium deficiency is insidious in its early stages and potentially irreversible in the latter, making preventative optimization the only successful pathway in all patients perceived to be at risk of calcium deficiency ( Arthur 2007).Ĭalcium and vitamin D repletion can improve bone mineral density and reduce fracture risk in individuals with frank vitamin D deficiency. A deficiency in skeletal and total body calcium is frequently part of the vitamin D deficiency syndrome. This may be associated with osteoporosis and osteofragility fractures, which occur due to reduction in bone strength superimposed on trauma such as a fall. ![]() Vitamin D deficiency leads to hypocalcemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and increased bone turnover ( Adams et al 1999 Leboff et al 1999). Vitamin D deficiency is frequently seen in women treated for osteoporosis (MORE study) ( Ettinger et al 1999). Other high risk groups include ethnic populations from the Horn of Africa, India, and Pakistan, and patients with gastrointestinal malabsorption syndromes ( Skull et al 2003 Diamond et al 2005). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among elderly people living in residential homes has been estimated to be at least 50% ( Flicker et al 2003). The clinical spectrum ranges from mild to severe deficiency, with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels less than 25 nmol/L. There is a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency in the developed world, even in “sunny” Australia ( Diamond et al 2005). ![]()
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